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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
____________________
FORM 10-K
____________________
(Mark One)
☒
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
    
For the transition period from                              to                             
Commission File No.: 001-16753
https://cdn.kscope.io/ed9fe4ef940f2a69258d2a50d37e2d53-amnlogoa24.jpg
AMN HEALTHCARE SERVICES, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Delaware
 
06-1500476
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
8840 Cypress Waters Boulevard
Suite 300

Dallas
Texas
75019
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (866) 871-8519
____________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class
Trading Symbol
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value
AMN
New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes  x  No  ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.  Yes  ¨  No  x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes x No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes  x  No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer
☒
 
Accelerated filer
☐
 
Non-accelerated filer
☐
 
Smaller reporting company
☐
 
Emerging growth company
☐
 
 
☐
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes  ☐  No  x
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of June 30, 2019, was $2,500,498,215 based on a closing sale price of $54.25 per share.
As of February 20, 2020, there were 46,854,215 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding.
Documents Incorporated By Reference: Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders scheduled to be held on April 22, 2020 have been incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.
 


                        

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Item
 
Page
 
 
 
 
PART I
 
 
 
 
1.
1A.
1B.
2.
3.
4.
 
 
 
 
PART II
 
 
 
 
5.
6.
7.
7A.
8.
9.
9A.
9B.
 
 
 
 
PART III
 
 
 
 
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
 
 
 
 
PART IV
 
 
 
 
15.
16.
 


                        

References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “AMN Healthcare,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to AMN Healthcare Services, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. This Annual Report contains references to our trademarks and service marks. For convenience, trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report do not appear with the ®, TM, or SM symbols, but the lack of references is not intended to indicate that we will not assert our right to these trademarks, service marks and trade names.

PART I
 
10-K Introduction

This section provides an overview of AMN Healthcare Services, Inc. It does not contain all of the information you should consider. Please read the entire Annual Report on Form 10-K carefully before voting or making an investment decision.

In Particular, Please See the Following Sections
Forward-Looking Statements
 
Risk
Factors
 
Management’s Discussion & Analysis
 
Financial
Statements
 


Index of frequently requested 10-K information

Five-Year Performance Graph
Selected Financial Data
Results of Operations
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Financial Statement Footnotes

Item 1.
Business
 
Overview of Our Company and Business Strategy
We are the leader and innovator in total talent solutions for the healthcare sector in the United States. We are passionate about all aspects of our mission:
•
Create recruiting and retention solutions that help healthcare organizations cope with increasing supply and demand pressures caused by aging of the patient population and clinical labor force.
•
Deliver the right talent and insights to help our clients optimize their workforce.
•
Provide healthcare professionals opportunities to do their best work toward high-quality patient care.
•
Create a values-based culture of innovation in which our team members can achieve their goals.
Our solutions enable our clients to optimize their workforce, simplify staffing complexity, increase efficiency and elevate the patient experience. Our comprehensive suite of talent solutions provides management, staffing, recruitment, technology, analytics, and related services to build and manage all or part of our clients’ healthcare workforce needs. We offer our healthcare professionals, from nurses, doctors, and allied health professionals to healthcare leaders and executives, temporary, project, and permanent career opportunities.
Our strategy is designed to support growth in our number and size of customer relationships and expansion of the markets we serve, while enhancing our profitability and operating leverage. Driving increased adoption of our existing talent solutions through cross-selling will deepen and broaden our customer relationships. We will continue to innovate, develop and invest in

1
                        

new, complementary solutions to our portfolio that optimize our clients’ workforce and better engage our talent network. We expect this will help us expand our strategic customer relationships to help clients address their workforce pain points, while driving more recurring revenue, with an improved margin mix that, similar to our leadership in managed services programs (“MSP”), will be less sensitive to economic cycles.
Over the past decade, our business has evolved beyond traditional healthcare staffing and recruitment services; we have become a strategic total talent solutions partner with our clients. We expanded our portfolio to serve a diverse and growing set of healthcare talent-related needs. In addition to our healthcare professional staffing and recruitment services, our suite of healthcare workforce solutions includes MSPs, vendor management systems (“VMS”), predictive labor analytics, workforce optimization technology and consulting, clinical labor scheduling, recruitment process outsourcing (“RPO”), revenue cycle solutions, and credentialing software services. We enable clients to build and optimize their healthcare talent to deliver great patient outcomes and experience. Our talent network includes thousands of highly skilled, experienced professionals who trust us to place them in environments that expand and leverage their qualifications and expertise.
When developing and acquiring talent solutions, both services and technology, we consider many important criteria: (1) identifying and addressing the most pressing current and future needs of our clients and talent network; (2) alignment with our core operations, expertise, and access to healthcare professionals; (3) ways to deepen and broaden our client and healthcare professional relationships; (4) businesses that reduce our sensitivity to economic cycles; and (5) offerings that differentiate us from competitors.
Continuous improvement of our operations and business technology is a core component of our growth strategy and profitability goals. In 2015, we embarked on a multi-year investment in the modernization of our front office, back office and infrastructure domains. We also have accelerated the integration of technology-based solutions in our core recruitment processes through targeted investment in digital capabilities, mobile applications and data analytics. These innovations provide a more seamless and efficient workflow for our team members, our healthcare professionals and our clients. Our investments in technology systems will help us realize greater scale, agility, and cost efficiencies when implemented.

Successful implementation of our strategy relies in large part upon the superior execution of our key initiatives by our management, sales and operations teams. Accordingly, we have differentiated our employment value proposition to attract and retain diverse and highly effective team members. We foster a growth-oriented, values-driven culture, talented leadership, and a collegial work environment that challenges and encourages us to develop and meet personal and professional goals. We are committed to fostering and maintaining a diverse workforce that drives innovation and better business outcomes through capitalizing on the differing backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives of our team members. As of January 2020, 65% of our team members are women, 62% of our supervisor through senior manager roles are held by women, 44% of our board of directors are women, 32% of our team members are non white, and our team is 56% Millennials, 35% Generation X, and 9% Baby Boomers. We have offices across the country to draw talented professionals and service our national base of clients and healthcare professionals. In 2018, AMN was recognized on the Fortune 100 Fastest Growing Companies list and was also named to the 2019 Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index. We were named to the Bloomberg Gender-Equality Index for 2019 and 2020. AMN continues to be recognized as a leading employer and was recognized among the 2019 Becker’s Hospital Review Top 150 Places to Work in Healthcare and 2019 National Best & Brightest Companies to Work For lists.

Our Services
 
In 2019, we conducted our business through three reportable segments: (1) nurse and allied solutions, (2) locum tenens solutions and (3) other workforce solutions. We set forth each segment’s revenue and operating income under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations.” Through our business segments, we provide our healthcare clients with a wide range of workforce solutions and staffing services as set forth below.
 
(1) Travel Nurse Staffing. We provide clients with nurses, most of them registered nurses, to work temporary assignments under our flagship brand, American Mobile, as well as under our Onward Healthcare, Nurses Rx, and Advanced brands. Assignments in acute-care hospitals, including teaching institutions, trauma centers and community hospitals, comprise the majority of our assignments. The length of the assignment varies with a typical travel nurse assignment of 13 weeks. Under our O’Grady-Peyton brand, we also recruit nurses internationally from English speaking countries who immigrate to the United States under a permanent resident visa (Green Card) and who typically work for us for a period of 24 months.
(2)
Rapid Response Nurse Staffing and Labor Disruption Services. We provide a shorter-term staffing solution of typically up to eight weeks under our NurseChoice and HealthSource Global Staffing brands to address hospitals’ urgent need for registered nurses. NurseChoice and HealthSource Global Staffing recruit and place nurses who can begin assignments within one to two weeks in contrast to the three to five week lead time that

2
                        

may be required for travel nurses. We also provide labor disruption services for clients involved in strikes of nurses and allied professional staff through our HealthSource Global Staffing brand.
(3)
Local, or Per Diem, Staffing. Through our Nursefinders brand, we provide our clients local staffing, often in support of our MSP clients. Local staffing involves the placement of locally-based healthcare professionals on daily shift work on an as-needed basis. Hospitals and healthcare facilities often give only a few hours’ notice of their local staffing assignments that require a turnaround from their staffing agencies of generally less than 24 hours.
(4)
Locum Tenens Staffing. We place physicians of all specialties, advanced practice clinicians and dentists on an independent contractor basis on temporary assignments with all types of healthcare organizations throughout the United States, including hospitals, health systems, medical groups, occupational medical clinics, psychiatric facilities, government institutions and insurance companies. We recruit these professionals nationwide and typically place them on assignment lengths ranging from a few days up to one year. We market these services through our Staff Care and Locum Leaders brands.
(5)
Allied Staffing. We provide allied health professionals under the Med Travelers, Club Staffing and Advanced brands to acute-care hospitals and other healthcare facilities such as skilled nursing facilities, rehabilitation clinics, schools, and retail and mail-order pharmacies. Allied health professionals include such disciplines as physical therapists, respiratory therapists, occupational therapists, medical and radiology technologists, lab technicians, speech pathologists, rehabilitation assistants and pharmacists.
(6)
Revenue Cycle Solutions. Our AMN Revenue Cycle Solutions brand provides skilled labor solutions for remote medical coding, clinical documentation improvement, case management, and clinical data registry, and also provides auditing and advisory services. Clients include hospitals and physician medical groups nationwide.
(7)
Physician Permanent Placement Services. We provide retained search, physician permanent placement services to hospitals, healthcare facilities and physician practice groups throughout the United States through our Merritt Hawkins brand.
(8)
Interim Leadership Staffing and Executive Search Services. Under the brand name B.E. Smith, we provide executive and clinical leadership interim staffing, healthcare executive search services and advisory services. Practice areas include senior healthcare executives, physician executives, chief nursing officers and other clinical and operational leaders. We also provide physician executive leadership search services focused on serving academic medical centers and children’s hospitals nationwide. This business line provides us greater access to the “C-suite” of our clients and prospective clients, which we believe helps improve our visibility as a strategic partner to them and helps provide us with cross-selling opportunities.
(9)
Recruitment Process Outsourcing. We offer our clients RPO services, customized to their particular needs, in which we recruit, hire and/or onboard permanent clinical and nonclinical positions on behalf of the client. Our RPO program leverages our expertise and support systems to replace or complement a client’s existing internal recruitment functions for permanent hiring needs, providing cost-effective flexibility to our clients to determine how to best obtain and use recruiting resources.
(10)
Managed Services Programs. Many of our clients and prospective clients use a number of healthcare staffing agencies to fulfill their healthcare professional needs. We offer a comprehensive managed services program, in which we manage all or a portion of a client’s staffing needs. This service includes both the placement of our own healthcare professionals and the utilization of other staffing agencies to fulfill the client’s staffing needs. We believe an MSP increases efficiencies and cost savings for our clients and facilities staffing optimization. We often use our own VMS technology as part of our MSP, which we believe further enhances the value of our service offering. In 2019, we had approximately $1.4 billion in annualized gross billings under management under our MSPs and approximately 45% of our consolidated revenue flowed through MSP relationships, which has steadily increased over the past decade.
(11)
Vendor Management Systems. Some clients and prospective clients prefer a vendor-neutral VMS technology that allows them to self-manage procurement of contingent clinical labor and their internal float pool. We provide three software as a service (“SaaS”)-based VMS technologies, ShiftWise, Medefis and b4health, to clients that desire this option. Our VMS technologies provide, among other things, control over a wide variety of tasks via a single system and consolidated reporting. In 2019, we had approximately $1.2 billion in annualized gross billings flow through our VMS programs, for which we typically earn a 4-5% fee.
(12)
Workforce Optimization Services. We provide workforce optimization services, including consulting, data analytics, predictive labor demand modeling and SaaS-delivered scheduling technology. Our Avantas business provides proprietary scheduling software, Smart Square, which uses predictive analytics to create better, more

3
                        

accurate and timely staffing plans for a client, which has been demonstrated to reduce a client’s clinical labor spend.
(13)
Credentialing Services. Through our acquisition of Silversheet, we provide innovative credentialing software solutions to clinicians and healthcare enterprises. Silversheet’s products help reduce the complexity and challenges of the clinician credentialing process, enhance our clients’ ability to provide safe, effective, and high-quality medical care for patients, and greatly improve the clinician experience.
(14)
Digital Staffing. Through investment in new technologies, we are streamlining the match of the right clinicians to the right assignment to meet the on-demand needs of our clients. The AMN Hub mobile application allows nurses and allied professionals to quickly search hundreds of jobs, book multiple shifts that match their qualifications and availability, and receive instantaneous shift confirmation, helping our clients quickly fill workforce gaps.
(15)
Flex Pool Management. We offer an innovative and comprehensive workforce solution that provides technology and services to build and manage dedicated resource pools. This regional workforce model utilizes standardized processes, integrated systems, and advanced scheduling technology to mobilize clinicians and meet the growing demand of our MSP clients.

Our Healthcare Professionals
 
The recruitment of a sufficient number of qualified healthcare professionals to work on temporary assignments and for placement at healthcare organizations is critical to the success of our business. Healthcare professionals choose temporary assignments for a variety of reasons that include seeking flexible work opportunities, exploring diverse practice settings, building skills and experience by working at prestigious healthcare facilities, avoiding the demands and political environment of working as permanent staff, working through life and career transitions, and as a means of access into a permanent staff position.

We recruit our healthcare professionals, depending on the particular service line, under the following brands: American Mobile, Nursefinders, NurseChoice, NursesRx, HealthSource Global Staffing, Med Travelers, Club Staffing, Advanced, Onward Healthcare, B.E. Smith, O’Grady Peyton International, Staff Care, Locum Leaders, Merritt Hawkins, and AMN Revenue Cycle Solutions. Our multi-brand recruiting strategy is supported by innovative and effective marketing programs that focus on lead management, including our digital presence on websites, social media, and mobile applications. Word-of-mouth referrals from the thousands of current and former healthcare professionals we have placed enhance our effectiveness at reaching healthcare professionals. While we are committed to this multi-brand strategy, we regularly assess our brands to drive brand clarity and maximize efficiencies.

Our process to attract and retain healthcare professionals for temporary assignments and permanent placement depends on (1) offering a large selection of assignments and placements in a variety of geographies and settings with opportunities for career development, (2) creating attractive compensation packages, (3) developing passionate, knowledgeable recruiters and service professionals who understand the needs of our healthcare professionals and provide a personalized approach, and (4) maintaining a reputation for service excellence. The attractive compensation package that we provide our temporary healthcare professionals includes a competitive wage, professional development opportunities, professional liability insurance, 401(k) plan and health insurance. In addition, we may provide reimbursements for meals and incidentals, travel and housing, or we may provide company housing if a healthcare professional elects not to receive reimbursement.
 
Our Geographic Markets and Client Base
 
During each of the past three years, (1) we generated all of our revenue in the United States and (2) all of our long-lived assets were located in the United States. We typically generate revenue in all 50 states. During 2019, the largest percentages of our revenue were concentrated in California, New York and Texas.

More than half of our temporary and contract healthcare professional assignments occur at acute-care hospitals. In addition to acute-care hospitals, we provide services to sub-acute healthcare facilities, physician groups, rehabilitation centers, schools, home health service providers and ambulatory surgery centers. Our clients, many of the largest and most prestigious and progressive health care systems in the country, include Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Providence Health & Services, CommonSpirit Health, LifePoint Health, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, PeaceHealth, MedStar Health, and Tenet Health. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (and its affiliates), to whom we provide clinical managed services, comprised approximately 13% of our consolidated revenue and 18% of our nursing and allied solutions segment’s revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019. No other client healthcare system or single client facility comprised more than 3% of our consolidated revenue for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019.


4
                        

Our Industry
 
The primary markets in which we compete are U.S. temporary and contract healthcare staffing, workforce solutions and executive search. Staffing Industry Analysts (“SIA”) estimates that the segments of the healthcare staffing markets in which we primarily operate have an aggregate 2019 estimated market size of $17.5 billion, of which travel nurse, per diem nurse, locum tenens and allied healthcare comprise $5.6 billion, $3.7 billion, $4.0 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively. We also operate within the interim leadership, executive search, physician permanent placement, RPO, VMS, revenue cycle solutions, and workforce optimization and consulting services markets. We estimate the market size of these additional segments to be at least $5.0 billion in 2020.
 
Industry Demand Drivers
 
Many factors affect the demand for contingent and permanent healthcare talent, which, accordingly, affects the size of the markets in which we primarily operate. Of these many factors, we believe the following serve as some of the most significant drivers of demand.
 
•
Economic Environment and Employment Rate. Demand for our services is affected by growth of the U.S. economy, which influences the employment rate. Growth in real U.S. gross domestic product generally drives rising employment rates. Favorable macro drivers typically result in increased demand for our services. Generally, we believe a positive economic environment and growing employment lead to increasing demand for healthcare services. As employment levels rise, healthcare facilities, like employers in many industries, experience higher levels of employee attrition and find it increasingly difficult to obtain and retain permanent staff.
•
Supply of Healthcare Professionals. While reports differ on the existence and extent of current and future healthcare professional shortages, many regions of the United States are experiencing a shortage of physicians and nurses that we believe will persist in the future. According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, the physician shortage is expected to range from 46,900 to 121,900 physicians by 2032. In nursing, geographic and specialty-based shortages are also expected through 2030. Demand for our services is positively correlated with activity in the permanent labor market. When nurse vacancy rates increase, temporary nurse staffing orders typically increase as well.
•
General Demand for Healthcare Services. Changes in demand for healthcare services, particularly at acute healthcare hospitals and other inpatient facilities, like skilled nursing facilities, affect the demand for our services. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, with the passage of the Affordable Care Act, the uninsured population declined by more than 18 million people between 2010 and 2018. Growth of the insured population contributed to a relatively sharp increase in national healthcare expenditures beginning in 2014. Additionally, the U.S. population continues to age, and medical technology advances are contributing to longer life expectancy. A pronounced shift in U.S. age demographics is expected to boost growth of health expenditures, projected by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services at a 5.5% annual rate from 2018-2027. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of adults age 65 or older is on pace to grow an estimated 38% between 2015 and 2025. People over 65 are three times more likely to have a hospital stay and twice as likely to visit a physician office compared with the rest of the population. These dynamics could place upward pressure on demand for the services we provide in the coming years. Not only does the age-demographic shift affect healthcare services demand, it also complicates the supply of skilled labor, as an increasing number of clinicians are aging out of the workforce.
•
Adoption of Workforce Solutions. We believe healthcare organizations increasingly seek sophisticated, innovative and economically beneficial total talent solutions that improve patient outcomes. We believe the prevalence of workforce solutions, such as MSP, VMS, RPO and workforce optimization tools, in the healthcare industry is still underpenetrated in comparison with non-healthcare sectors. During 2019, approximately 45% of our consolidated revenues were generated through MSP relationships, which we estimate is higher than our competitors. The talent shortage and significance of clinical labor in healthcare facilities’ cost structures may accelerate the adoption of strategic outsourced workforce solutions, which could place upward pressure on demand for the services we provide.

5
                        

 
Industry Competition

The healthcare staffing and workforce solutions industry is highly competitive. We compete in national, regional and local markets for healthcare organization clients and healthcare professionals. We believe that our comprehensive suite of total talent solutions, our commitment to quality and service excellence, our execution capabilities, and our national footprint create a compelling value proposition for our existing and prospective clients that give us distinct, scalable advantages over smaller, local and regional competitors and companies whose service offerings, sales and execution capabilities are not as robust. The breadth of our services allows us to provide even greater value through a more strategic, consultative and solution-oriented approach to our clients. In addition, we believe that our size, scale and sophisticated candidate acquisition processes give us access to a larger pool of available, high quality candidates than most of our competitors, while substantial word-of-mouth referral networks and recognizable brand names enable us to attract, engage, and grow a diverse, high-quality network of healthcare professionals.

Larger firms, such as us, also generally have a deeper, more comprehensive infrastructure with a more established operating model and processes that provide the long-term stability and foundation for quality standards recognition, such as the Joint Commission staffing agency certification and National Committee for Quality Assurance Credentials Verification Organization certification. HRO Today named AMN Healthcare the number one position among all MSP providers in size of deals, and we also were honored in the Baker’s Dozen for quality of services, breadth of services and overall MSP capabilities. Once again, Staffing Industry Analysts recognized AMN’s U.S. industry leadership naming us as the largest temporary healthcare staffing firm, the largest travel nurse staffing provider and the largest allied healthcare staffing provider.

We are the largest provider of nurse and allied healthcare staffing in the United States. In the nurse and allied healthcare staffing business, we compete with a few national competitors together with numerous smaller, regional and local companies. We believe we are the third largest provider of locum tenens staffing services in the United States. The locum tenens staffing market consists of many small- to mid-sized companies with only a relatively small number of national competitors of which we are one. The interim leadership staffing, executive search services, physician permanent placement services, and mid-revenue cycle staffing markets, where we believe we hold leading positions, are also highly fragmented and consist of many small- to mid-sized companies that do not have a national footprint. Our leading competitors vary by segment and include CHG Healthcare Services, Jackson Healthcare, Medical Solutions, RightSourcing, Cross Country Healthcare, Aya Healthcare, HealthTrust Workforce Solutions, and WittKieffer. When recruiting for healthcare professionals, in addition to other executive search and staffing firms, we also compete with hospital systems that have developed their own recruitment departments.

Licensure For Our Business
 
Some states require state licensure for businesses that employ, assign and/or place healthcare professionals. We believe we are currently licensed in all states that require such licenses and take measures to ensure compliance with all state licensure requirements. In addition, the healthcare professionals who we employ or independently contract with are required to be individually licensed or certified under applicable state laws. We believe we take appropriate and reasonable steps to validate that our healthcare professionals possess all necessary licenses and certifications. We design our internal processes to ensure that the healthcare professionals that we directly place with clients have the appropriate experience, credentials and skills. Our travel nurse and allied healthcare staffing divisions, all of our locum tenens brands and all of our local staffing offices have received Joint Commission certification. We have also obtained our Credentials Verification Organization certification from the National Committee for Quality Assurance.
 
Employees
 
As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately 3,236 corporate employees. During the fourth quarter of 2019, we had an average of (1) 10,462 nurses, allied and other clinical healthcare professionals, (2) 438 executive and clinical leadership interim staff, and (3) 1,118 mid-revenue cycle professionals contracted to work for us. This does not include our locum tenens, all of whom are independent contractors and not our employees.

Additional Information
 
We incorporated in the state of Delaware on November 10, 1997. We maintain a corporate website at www.amnhealthcare.com. We make available our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports, as well as proxy statements and other information free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after being filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Such reports, proxy statements and other information are also available on the SEC’s website, http://www.sec.gov.

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The information found on our website and the SEC’s website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
 
This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains, and certain oral statements made by management from time to time, may contain, “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that are subject to safe harbors under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. We base these forward-looking statements on our current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about future events and the industry in which we operate. Forward-looking statements are identified by words such as “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “project,” “may,” variations of such words and other similar expressions. In addition, statements that refer to projections of financial items; anticipated growth; future growth and revenue; future economic conditions and performance; plans, objectives and strategies for future operations; and other characterizations of future events or circumstances, are forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those implied by the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are described under the caption “Risk Factors” below, elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other filings with the SEC. Stockholders, potential investors, and other readers are urged to consider these factors in evaluating the forward-looking statements and cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. The Company disclaims any obligation to publicly update such forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.

Item 1A.
Risk Factors

You should carefully read the following risk factors in connection with evaluating us and the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Any of the following risks could materially adversely affect our business or our consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows, which, in turn, could cause the price of our common stock to decline. The risk factors described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks we face. Factors we currently do not know, factors that we currently consider immaterial or factors that are not specific to us, such as general economic conditions, may also materially adversely affect our business or our consolidated operating results, financial condition or cash flows. The risk factors described below qualify all forward-looking statements we make, including forward-looking statements within this section entitled “Risk Factors.”

To develop and prioritize the following risk factors, we review risks to our business that are informed by our formal Enterprise Risk Management program, industry trends, the external market and financial environment as well as dialogue with leaders throughout our organization. Our risk factor descriptions are intended to convey our assessment of each applicable risk and such assessments are integrated into our strategic and operational planning.
 
Risk Factors that May Affect the Demand for Our Services
 
Economic downturns and slow recoveries could result in less demand from clients and pricing pressure that could negatively impact our financial condition.
Demand for staffing services is sensitive to changes in economic activity. As economic activity slows, hospitals and other healthcare entities typically experience decreased attrition and reduce their use of temporary employees before undertaking layoffs of their regular employees, which results in decreased demand for many of our service offerings. In times of economic downturn and high unemployment rates, permanent full-time and part-time healthcare facility staff are generally inclined to work more hours and overtime, resulting in fewer available vacancies and less demand for our services. Fewer placement opportunities for our temporary clinicians, physicians and leaders also impairs our ability to recruit and place them both on a temporary and permanent basis.
In addition, many healthcare facilities utilize temporary healthcare professionals to accommodate an increase in hospital admissions. Conversely, when hospital admissions decrease in economic downturns, due to reduced consumer spending, a rise in unemployment causing an increase in under- and uninsured patients or other factors, the demand for our temporary healthcare professionals typically declines. This may have an even greater negative effect on demand for physicians in certain specialties such as surgery, radiology and anesthesiology. In addition, we may experience more competitive pricing pressure during periods of decreased patient occupancy and hospital admissions, negatively affecting our revenue and profitability.


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During challenging economic times, our clients, in particular those that rely on state government funding, may face issues gaining access to sufficient credit, which could result in an impairment of their ability to make payments to us, timely or otherwise, for services rendered. If that were to occur, we may increase our allowance for doubtful accounts and our days sales outstanding would be negatively affected.

If we are unable to anticipate and quickly respond to changing marketplace conditions, such as alternative modes of healthcare delivery, reimbursement and client needs, we may not remain competitive.
Patient delivery settings continue to evolve, giving rise to alternative modes of healthcare delivery, such as retail medicine, telemedicine and home health. In addition, changes in reimbursement models and government mandates are also impacting the healthcare environments.

Our success depends upon our ability to develop innovative workforce solutions, quickly adapt to changing marketplace conditions, such as reimbursement changes, and evolving client needs, comply with new federal or state regulations and differentiate our services and abilities from those of our competitors. The markets in which we compete are highly competitive, and our competitors may respond more quickly to new or emerging client needs and marketplace conditions. The development of new service lines and business models requires close attention to emerging trends and proposed federal and state legislation related to the healthcare industry. If we are unable to anticipate changing marketplace conditions, adapt our current business model to adequately meet changing conditions in the healthcare industry and develop and successfully implement innovative services, we may not remain competitive.

Consolidation of healthcare delivery organizations could negatively affect pricing of our services and increase our concentration risk.
 
Healthcare delivery organizations are consolidating, providing them with greater leverage in negotiating pricing for services. Consolidations may also result in us losing our ability to work with certain clients because the party acquiring or consolidating with our client may have a previously established service provider they elect to maintain. In addition, we have seen an increase in our clients’ use of intermediaries such as vendor management service companies and group purchasing organizations that may also provide organizations with enhanced bargaining power. These dynamics each separately or together could negatively affect pricing for our services and our ability to maintain certain clients.

Hospital concentration coupled with our success in winning managed services contracts means our revenues from some larger health systems have grown and may continue to grow substantially relative to our other revenue sources. For example, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (and its affiliates) (collectively, “Kaiser”) comprised approximately 13% of our consolidated revenue in 2019. If we were to lose Kaiser as a client or were unable to provide a significant amount of services to Kaiser, whether directly or as a subcontractor, such loss may have a material adverse effect on our revenue, results of operations and cash flows.

Intermediary organizations may impede our ability to secure new and profitable contracts with our clients.
 
Our business depends upon our ability to maintain our existing contracts and secure new, profitable contracts. Outside of our managed services contracts, our client contracts are not typically exclusive and our clients are generally free to offer temporary staffing assignments to our competitors. Additionally, our clients may choose to purchase these services through intermediaries such as group purchasing organizations or competitors offering MSP services, with whom we establish relationships in order to continue to provide our staffing services to certain healthcare facilities. These intermediaries may negatively affect our ability to obtain new clients and maintain our existing client relationships by impeding our ability to access and contract directly with clients and may also negatively affect the profitability of these client relationships. In addition, our inability to establish relationships with these intermediaries may result in us losing our ability to work with certain healthcare facilities.
 
The ability of our clients to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their staffing management and recruiting efforts may affect the demand for our services, which could negatively affect our business.
 
If our clients are able to increase the effectiveness of their staffing and recruitment functions through analytics, automation or otherwise, their need for our services may decline. With the advent of technology and more sophisticated staffing management and recruitment processes, clients may be able to successfully increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their internal staffing management and recruiting efforts, through more effective planning and analytic tools, internet- or social media-based recruiting or otherwise. Such new technologies and processes could reduce the demand for our services, which could negatively affect our business.


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The repeal or significant erosion of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) without a corresponding replacement may negatively affect the demand for our services.
In 2010, the adoption of the ACA brought significant reforms to the health care system that included, among other things, a requirement that all individuals have health insurance (with limited exceptions). As a result of the ACA, the uninsured population declined by more than 20 million through 2017. In December 2017, the individual mandate was repealed. If the individual mandate repeal or a rollback of other aspects of the ACA, such as Medicaid expansion, actually leads to a significant reduction in demand for the healthcare services, the demand for our services may decline. If members of the investor community believe that a further repeal of, or significant changes to, the ACA are forthcoming, including court rulings repealing the entire ACA, it may have negative effect on the price of our common stock.

Regulatory and Legal Risk Factors
 
We are subject to federal and state healthcare industry regulation including conduct of operations, costs and payment for services and payment for referrals as well as laws regarding government contracting.
The healthcare industry is subject to extensive and complex federal and state laws and regulations related to conduct of operations, costs and payment for services and payment for referrals. We provide workforce solutions and services on a contract basis to our clients, who pay us directly. Accordingly, Medicare, Medicaid and insurance reimbursement policy changes generally do not directly impact us. Nevertheless, reimbursement changes in government programs, particularly Medicare and Medicaid, can and do indirectly affect the demand and the prices paid for our services. For example, our clients could receive reduced or no reimbursements because of a change in the rates or conditions set by federal or state governments, which would negatively affect the demand and the prices for our services. Moreover, our hospital, healthcare facility and physician practice group clients could suffer civil and criminal penalties, and be excluded from participating in Medicare, Medicaid and other healthcare programs for failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, which may negatively affect our profitability.
A portion of our hospital and healthcare facility clients are state and federal government agencies, where our ability to compete for new contracts and orders, and the profitability of these contracts and orders, may be affected by government legislation, regulation or policy. Additionally, in providing services to state and federal government clients and to clients who participate in state and federal programs, we are also subject to specific laws and regulations, which government agencies have broad latitude to enforce. If we were to be excluded from participation in these programs or should there be regulatory or policy changes or modification of application of existing regulations adverse to us, it would likely materially adversely affect our brand, business, results of operations and cash flows.

We are also subject to certain laws and regulations applicable to recruitment and employment placement agencies with which we must comply in order to continue to conduct business in that particular state.
 
The challenge to the classification of certain of our healthcare professionals as independent contractors could adversely affect our profitability.
 
We treat physicians and certain advanced practitioners, such as certified nurse anesthetists, nurse practitioners and physician assistants, as independent contractors. Federal or state taxing authorities may take the position that such professionals are employees exposing us to additional wage and insurance claims and employment and payroll-related taxes. A reclassification of our locum tenens clinicians to employees from independent contractors could result in liability that would have a significant negative impact on our profitability for the period in which such reclassification was implemented, and would require changes to our payroll and related business processes, which could be costly. In addition, many states have laws that prohibit non-physician owned companies from employing physicians, referred to as the “corporate practice of medicine.” If our independent contractor physicians were classified as employees in states that prohibit the corporate practice of medicine, we may be prohibited from conducting our locum tenens staffing business in those states under our current business model, which may have a substantial negative effect on our revenue, results of operations and profitability.

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Investigations, claims and legal proceedings alleging medical malpractice, violations of employment, privacy and wage regulations and other theories of liability asserted against us could subject us to substantial liabilities.
We, along with our clients and healthcare professionals, are subject to investigations, claims and legal actions alleging malpractice or related legal theories. At times, plaintiffs name us in these lawsuits and actions regardless of our contractual obligations, the competency of the healthcare professionals, the standard of care provided by the healthcare professionals, the quality of service that we provided or our actions. In certain instances, we are contractually required to indemnify our clients against some or all of these potential legal actions.
Like all employers, we must also comply with various laws and regulations relating to employment and pay practices. We are also subject to certain laws and regulations applicable to recruitment and employment placement agencies with which we must comply in order to continue to conduct business in that specific state. We are also subject to possible claims alleging discrimination, sexual harassment and other similar activities in which we or our hospital and healthcare facility clients and their agents have allegedly engaged. We are also subject to examination of our payroll practices from various federal and state taxation authorities from time to time. Because of the nature of our business, the impact of these employment and payroll laws and regulations may have a more pronounced effect on our business. There is a risk that we could be subject to payment of significant additional wages, insurance and employment, and payroll-related taxes and sizeable statutory penalties negatively impacting our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. These laws and regulations may also impede our ability to grow the size and profitability of our operations.
As we grow and increase our leadership position, we are at greater risk for anti-competitive conduct claims such as violation of federal and state antitrust laws and unfair business practices arising from our agreements with our employees, contractors, clients and vendors.
The size and nature of our business requires us to collect substantial personal information of healthcare professionals and other team members that is subject to a myriad of privacy-related laws from multiple jurisdictions that regulate the use and disclosure of such information. In addition, many of our healthcare professionals have access to client proprietary information systems and patient confidential information. We may be required to incur significant costs to comply with mandatory privacy and security standards and protocols imposed by law, regulation, industry standards or contractual obligations with our clients. In addition, an inherent risk of the collection and access to such information includes possible claims from unintentional or intentional misuse, disclosure or use of this information. Such claims may result in negative publicity, injunctive relief, criminal investigations or charges, civil litigation, payment by us of monetary damages or fines, or other adverse effects on our business, which may be material.
We maintain various types of insurance coverage for these types of claims, including professional liability, errors and omissions, employment practices and cyber, through commercial insurance carriers and a wholly-owned captive insurance company. The cost of defending such claims, even if groundless, could be substantial and the associated negative publicity could adversely affect our ability to attract, retain and place qualified employees and healthcare professionals in the future. We may also experience increased insurance premiums and retention and deductible accruals that we may not be able to pass on to our clients, thereby reducing our profitability. Moreover, our insurance coverage and reserve accruals may not be sufficient to cover all claims against us.

Risk Factors Related to Our Operations, Personnel and Information Systems
 
Our inability to implement new infrastructure and technology systems and technology disruptions may adversely affect our operating results and ability to manage our business effectively.
We have technology, operations and human capital infrastructures to support our existing business. Our ability to deliver services to our clients and to manage our commercial technologies, internal systems and data depends largely upon our access to and the performance of our management information and communications systems, including our VMS, client relationship management systems and client/healthcare professional-facing self-service websites. These technology systems also maintain accounting and financial information upon which we depend to fulfill our financial reporting obligations. We must continue to invest in this infrastructure, and we are in the midst of a multi-year plan to upgrade and convert our infrastructure, back office and front office network platforms to support our growth, enhance our management and utilization of data and improve our efficiency.
Implementing new systems is costly and involves risks inherent in the conversion to a new technology platform, including loss of information, disruption to our normal operations, changes in accounting procedures and internal control over financial reporting, as well as problems achieving accuracy in the conversion of electronic data. Failure to properly or adequately address these issues could result in increased costs, loss of clients and talent, the diversion of management’s and employees’ attention and resources and could materially adversely affect our operating results, internal controls over financial reporting and

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ability to manage our business effectively. Furthermore, if we are unable to continue to improve our technology and operations processes to gain efficiency and support our growth, our financial results will be adversely affected.

Additionally, the current legacy systems are subject to other non-environmental risks, including technological obsolescence for which there may not be sufficient redundancy or backup. These systems, and our access to these systems, are not impervious to floods, fire, storms, or other natural disasters, or service interruptions. There also is a potential for intentional and deliberate attacks to our systems, which may lead to service interruptions, data corruption or data theft. If our current or planned systems do not adequately support our operations, are damaged or disrupted or if we are unable to replace, repair, maintain or expand them, it may adversely affect our business operations and our profitability.

If we do not continue to recruit and retain sufficient quality healthcare professionals at reasonable costs, it could increase our operating costs and negatively affect our business and our profitability.
We rely significantly on our ability to recruit and retain a sufficient number of healthcare professionals who possess the skills, experience and licenses necessary to meet the requirements of our clients. With a current shortage of certain qualified nurses and physicians in many areas of the United States and the historically low unemployment rates, competition for the hiring of these professionals remains intense. We compete with healthcare staffing companies, recruitment and placement agencies, including online staffing and recruitment agencies, and with hospitals, healthcare facilities and physician practice groups to attract healthcare professionals based on the quantity, diversity and quality of assignments offered, compensation packages, the benefits that we provide and speed and quality of our service. We rely on our human capital intensive, relationship-oriented approach and national infrastructure to enable us to compete in all aspects of our business. We must continually evaluate and expand our healthcare professional network to serve the needs of our clients.

The costs of recruitment of quality healthcare professionals and providing them with attractive compensation packages may be higher than we anticipate, or we may be unable to pass these costs on to our hospital and healthcare facility clients, which may reduce our profitability. Moreover, if we are unable to recruit temporary and permanent healthcare professionals, our service execution may deteriorate and, as a result, we could lose clients. Our inability to recruit temporary and permanent healthcare professionals may be exacerbated by continued low levels of unemployment.

Our business could be harmed if we fail to further develop and evolve our current workforce solutions technology offerings and capabilities.

To achieve our strategic objectives and to remain competitive, we must continue to develop and enhance our workforce solutions technology offerings and capabilities. This may require the acquisition of equipment and software and the development of new proprietary software and capabilities, either internally or through independent consultants. If we are unable to design, develop, implement and utilize, in a cost-effective manner, technology and information systems that provide the capabilities necessary for us to compete effectively, or for any reason any interruption or loss of our information processing capabilities occurs, this could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Disruption to or failures of our SaaS-based technology or our inability to adequately protect our intellectual property rights with respect to such technology could reduce client satisfaction, harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

The performance, reliability and security of our SaaS-based technologies, such as ShiftWise, Medefis and Avantas Smart Square, are critical to such offerings’ operations, reputation and ability to attract new clients. Some of our clients rely on our SaaS-based technology to perform certain of their operational functions. Accordingly, any degradation, errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems with our SaaS-based technology could damage our or our clients’ operations and reputations and negatively affect our business. If any of these problems occur, our clients may, among other things, terminate their agreements with us or make indemnification or other claims against us, which may also negatively affect us.

Additionally, if we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately with respect to our SaaS-based technology, our competitors might gain access to it, and our business might be harmed. Moreover, if any of our intellectual property rights associated with our SaaS-based technology, including our newly developed vendor management platforms, are challenged by others or invalidated through litigation, and defending our intellectual property rights might also entail significant expense. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from using or infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property with respect to our SaaS-based technology, which may negatively affect our business as it relates to our SaaS-based offerings.

Security breaches and cybersecurity incidents could compromise our information and systems adversely affecting our business operations and reputation subject us to substantial liabilities.

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Security breaches, including cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. These incidents can include, but are not limited to, gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, such as our proprietary business information and that of our clients as well as personally identifiable information of our healthcare professionals and employees, including full names, social security numbers, addresses, birth dates and payroll-related information, in our data centers, on our networks and in hosted SaaS-based solutions provided by third parties. Our employees may also have access to, receive and use personal health information in the ordinary course of our business. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations.

Despite our security measures and business controls, our information technology and infrastructure, including the third party SaaS-based technology in which we store personally identifiable information and other sensitive information of our healthcare professionals and employees, may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers, breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions or subject to the inadvertent or intentional unauthorized release of information. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and may not immediately produce signs of intrusion, we may be unable to anticipate these incidents or techniques, timely discover them, or implement adequate preventative measures. Our information technology and other security protocols may not provide sufficient protection, and as a result a security reach could compromise our networks and significant information about us, our employees, healthcare professionals, patients or clients may be accessed, disclosed, lost or stolen.

Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could (1) result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information and regulatory penalties, (2) disrupt our operations and the services we provide to our clients and (3) damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our profitability, revenue and competitive position.
 
The inability to quickly and properly credential and match quality healthcare professionals with suitable placements may negatively affect demand for our services.
 
Our success depends on the quality of our healthcare professionals and our ability to quickly and efficiently assist in obtaining licenses and privileges for our healthcare professionals. The speed with which our healthcare professionals can obtain the appropriate licenses, and we can credential them depends in part, on state licensing laws. Roughly 30 states are part of the Enhanced Nurse Compact and over 20 states are part of the Physical Therapy Licensure Compact and Interstate Medical Compact Acts. A decline or change in interstate compact laws can impact our business.

Our ability to ensure the quality of our healthcare professionals also relies heavily on the effectiveness of our data and communication systems as well as properly trained and competent operational employees that credential and match healthcare professionals in suitable placements. An inability to properly credential, match, and monitor healthcare professionals for acceptable credentials, experience and performance may cause clients to lose confidence in our services, which may damage our brand and reputation and result in clients opting to utilize competitors’ services or rely on their own internal resources. The costs to provide these credentialing services impact the revenue and profitability of our business.
 
Our operations may deteriorate if we are unable to continue to attract, develop and retain our sales and operations team members.
 
Our success depends heavily upon the recruitment, performance and retention of diverse sales and operations team members who share our values, passion and commitment to customer focus. The number of individuals who meet our qualifications for these positions is limited, and we may experience difficulty in attracting qualified candidates, especially as we diversify our offerings and our business becomes more complex. In addition, we commit substantial resources to the training, development and support of our team members. Competition for qualified sales and operational team members in the line of business in which we operate is strong, and we may not be able to retain a sufficient number of team members after we have expended the time and expense to recruit and train them.
 
We are increasingly dependent on third parties for the execution of certain critical functions.
 
We have outsourced and offshored certain critical applications or business processes to external providers, including cloud-based, credentialing and data processing services. We exercise care in the selection and oversight of these providers. However, the failure or inability to perform on the part of one or more of these critical suppliers could cause significant disruptions and increased costs to our business as well as reputational damage.
 
The loss of key officers and management personnel could adversely affect our business and operating results.
 

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We believe that the success of our business strategy and our ability to maintain our recent levels of profitability depends on the continued employment of our senior executive team. We have an employment agreement with Susan R. Salka, our President and Chief Executive Officer, through May 4, 2021, which is renewable on an annual basis. Other executive members of the management team are employees at will with standard severance agreements. If members of our executive team become unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business and financial results could be adversely affected.
Our inability to maintain our positive brand awareness and identity may adversely affect our results of operations.
 
We have invested substantial amounts in acquiring, developing and maintaining our brands, and our success depends on our ability to maintain positive brand awareness identities for existing services and effectively building up brand awareness and image for new services. We cannot assure that additional expenditures and our continuing commitment to marketing and improving our brands will have the desired effect on our brands’ value, which may adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, our brands may suffer reputational damage that could negatively affect our short- and long-term financial results. The poor performance, reputation or negative conduct of competitors may have a spillover effect adversely affecting the industry and our brand.

The expansion of social media platforms presents new risks and challenges that can cause damage to our brand and reputation.

There has been an increase in the use of social media platforms, including blogs, social media websites and other forms of internet-communication in our industry that allows access to a broad audience of interested parties. The inappropriate and/or unauthorized use of certain media vehicles by our clients, vendors, employees and contractors could increase costs, cause damage to our brand, or result in information leakage that could lead to legal implications, including improper collection and/or dissemination of personally identifiable information of candidates and clients. In addition, negative or inaccurate posts or comments about us on any social networking website could damage our reputation, brand image and goodwill.

Our inability to consummate and effectively incorporate acquisitions into our business operations may adversely affect our long-term growth and our results of operations.
We invest time and resources in carefully assessing opportunities for acquisitions, and acquisitions are a key component of our growth strategy. We have made acquisitions in the past several years to broaden the scope and depth of our talent solutions. If we are unable to consummate additional acquisitions, we may not achieve our long-term growth goals.
Despite diligence and integration planning, acquisitions still present certain risks, including the time and economic costs of integrating an acquisition’s technology, control and financial systems, unforeseen liabilities, and the difficulties in bringing together different work cultures and personnel. Difficulties in integrating our acquisitions, including attracting and retaining talent to grow and manage these acquired businesses, may adversely affect our results of operations.

Businesses we acquire may have liabilities or adverse operating issues which could harm our operating results.

Businesses we acquire may have liabilities or adverse operating issues, or both, that we either fail to discover through due diligence or underestimate prior to the consummation of the acquisition. These liabilities and/or issues may include the acquired business’ failure to comply with, or other violations of, applicable laws, rules, or regulations or contractual or other obligations or liabilities. As the successor owner, we may be financially responsible for, and may suffer harm to our reputation or otherwise be adversely affected by, such liabilities and/or issues. These and any other costs, liabilities, issues, and/or disruptions associated with any past or future acquisitions could harm our reputation and operating results.

In addition, future acquisitions are accompanied by the risk that the obligations and liabilities of an acquired company may not be adequately reflected in the historical financial statements of that company and the risk that those historical financial statements may be based on assumptions that are incorrect or inconsistent with our assumptions or approach to accounting policies. Any of these material obligations, liabilities or incorrect or inconsistent assumptions could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

As we develop new services and clients, enter new lines of business, and focus more of our business on providing a full range of talent solutions, the demands on our business and our operating risks may increase.
    
As part of our corporate strategy, we plan to extend our services to new healthcare settings, clients, and new lines of business. As we focus on developing new services, capabilities, clients, practice areas and lines of business, and engage in business in new geographic locations, our operations may be exposed to additional as well as enhanced risks.


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In particular, our growth efforts place substantial additional demands on our management and other team members, as well as on our information, financial, administrative, compliance and operational systems. We may not be able to manage these demands successfully. Growth may require increased recruiting efforts, increased regulatory and compliance efforts, increased business development, selling, marketing and other actions that are expensive and entail increased risk. We may need to invest more in our people and systems, controls, compliance efforts, policies and procedures than we anticipate. As our business continues to evolve and we provide a wider range of services, we will become increasingly dependent upon our employees, particularly those operating in business environments less familiar to us. Failure to identify, hire, train and retain talented employees who share our values could have a negative effect on our reputation and our business.

The demands that our current and future growth place on our people and systems, controls, compliance efforts, policies and procedures may exceed the benefits of such growth, and our operating results may suffer, at least in the short-term, and perhaps in the long-term.

We maintain a substantial amount of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles on our balance sheet that may decrease our earnings or increase our losses if we recognize an impairment to goodwill or indefinite-lived intangibles.
 
We maintain goodwill on our balance sheet, which represents the excess of the total purchase price of our acquisitions over the fair value of the net assets and indefinite-lived intangibles we acquired. We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles for impairment annually, or when evidence of potential impairment exists. If we identify an impairment, we record a charge to earnings. An impairment charge to goodwill or indefinite-lived intangibles would decrease our earnings or increase our losses, as the case may be.
 
Risk Factors Related to Our Indebtedness and Other Liabilities
 
Our indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry, and expose us to interest rate risk to the extent of any variable rate debt.
As of December 31, 2019, our total indebtedness, less unamortized fees, equaled $617.2 million. Our substantial indebtedness could have important consequences, including:
•
increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic, industry or competitive developments,
•
requiring a portion of our cash flows from operations to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, therefore reducing our ability to use our cash flows to fund operations, capital expenditures and future business opportunities,
•
making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness,
•
restricting us from making strategic acquisitions or causing us to make non-strategic divestitures,
•
limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, product and service development, debt service requirements, acquisitions, and general corporate or other purposes, and
•
limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or market conditions and placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors who are less leveraged and who, therefore, may be able to take advantage of opportunities that our substantial indebtedness may prevent us from exploiting.
Our ability to service our indebtedness will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. We cannot provide assurance that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available in an amount sufficient to enable us to service our indebtedness or to fund other liquidity needs. Additionally, if we are not in compliance with the covenants and obligations under our debt instruments, we would be in default, and the lenders could call the debt, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

The terms of our debt instruments impose restrictions on us that may affect our ability to successfully operate our business.
Our debt instruments contain various covenants that could adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs and to engage in other business activities that may be in our best interest. These covenants limit our ability to, among other things:
•
incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue certain preferred equity,
•
pay dividends on, redeem, repurchase, or make distributions in respect of our capital stock, prepay, redeem, or repurchase certain debt or make other restricted payments,

14
                        

•
make certain investments,
•
create, or permit to exist, certain liens,
•
sell assets,
•
enter into sale/leaseback transactions,
•
enter into agreements restricting restricted subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or make other payments,
•
consolidate, merge, sell, or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets,
•
enter into certain transactions with affiliates, and
•
designate restricted subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries.

Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control, such as prevailing economic conditions and changes in regulations, and if such events occur, we cannot be sure that we will be able to comply. A breach of these covenants could result in a default under our debt instruments (including as a result of cross-default provisions) and, in the case of our senior credit facility under our credit agreement, permit the lenders thereunder to cease making loans to us. If there were an event of default under any of our debt instruments, holders of such defaulted debt could cause all amounts borrowed under the applicable instrument to be due and payable immediately. Our assets or cash flow may not be sufficient to repay borrowings under our outstanding debt instruments in the event of a default thereunder.
In addition, the restrictive covenants in our credit agreement require us to maintain specified financial ratios and satisfy other financial condition tests. Although we were in compliance with the financial ratios and financial condition tests set forth in our credit agreement on December 31, 2019, we cannot provide assurance that we will continue to be. Our ability to meet those financial ratios and tests will depend on our ongoing financial and operating performance, which, in turn, will be subject to economic conditions and to financial, market, and competitive factors, many of which are beyond our control. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under our credit agreement (and our other debt instruments to the extent the default triggers a cross default provision) and, in the case of the revolver under our credit agreement, permit the lenders thereunder to cease making loans to us. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under the credit agreement, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. Such action by the lenders could cause cross-defaults under our other debt instruments.
Variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under our credit agreement are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on certain of our variable rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed remains the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease. In addition, in July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced that it intends to stop collecting LIBOR rates from banks after 2021. The announcement indicates that LIBOR will not continue to exist on the current basis. We are unable to predict the effect of any changes to LIBOR, the establishment and success of any alternative reference rates, or any other reforms to LIBOR or any replacement of LIBOR that may be enacted in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. Such changes, reforms or replacements relating to LIBOR could have an adverse impact on the market for or value of any LIBOR-linked securities, loans, derivatives or other financial instruments or extensions of credit held by us. As such, LIBOR-related changes could affect our overall results of operations and financial condition.

We have substantial insurance-related accruals on our balance sheet, and any significant adverse adjustments may decrease our earnings or increase our losses and negatively impact our cash flows.
 
We maintain accruals related to our captive insurance company and self-insured retentions for various lines of insurance coverage, including professional liability, employment practices, health insurance and workers compensation on our balance sheet. We determine the adequacy of our accruals by evaluating our historical experience and trends, related to both insurance claims and payments, information provided to us by our insurance brokers, attorneys, third-party administrators and actuarial firms as well as industry experience and trends. If such information collectively indicates that our accruals are understated, we provide for additional accruals; a significant increase to these accruals would decrease our earnings.

Item 1B.
Unresolved Staff Comments
 
None.

15
                        

Item 2.    Properties
 
We lease all of our properties, which consist of office-type facilities. We believe that our leased space is adequate for our current needs and that we can obtain adequate space to meet our foreseeable business needs. We have pledged substantially all of our leasehold interests to our lenders under our credit agreement to secure our obligations thereunder. We set forth below our principal leased office spaces as of December 31, 2019 together with our business segments that utilize them:
Location
Square Feet
San Diego, California (all segments)
175,672

Dallas, Texas (all segments)
108,502

 
Item 3.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we are involved in various lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. These matters typically relate to professional liability, tax, wage and hour, contract, competitor disputes and employee-related matters and include individual and collective lawsuits, as well as inquiries and investigations by governmental agencies regarding our employment practices and other compliance practices. Additionally, some of our clients may also become subject to claims, governmental inquiries and investigations and legal actions relating to services provided by our healthcare professionals. Depending upon the particular facts and circumstances, we may also be subject to indemnification obligations under our contracts with such clients relating to these matters. We record a liability when management believes an adverse outcome from a loss contingency is both probable and the amount, or a range, can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability of loss and the estimated amount. We review our loss contingencies at least quarterly and adjust our accruals and/or disclosures to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel or other new information, as deemed necessary. The most significant matters for which we have established loss contingencies are class actions related to wage and hour claims under California and Federal law. Specifically, among other claims in these lawsuits, it is alleged that certain expense reimbursements should be included in the regular rate of pay for purposes of calculating overtime rates, and that employees were not afforded required breaks or compensated for all time worked. While we believe that our wage and hour practices conform with law in all material respects, litigation is always subject to inherent uncertainty, and we are not able to reasonably predict if any matter will be resolved in a manner that is materially adverse to us beyond the amounts accrued. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (12), Commitments and Contingencies.” 

With regard to outstanding loss contingencies as of December 31, 2019, we believe that such matters will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures
 
Not applicable.

16
                        

PART II
 
Item 5.
Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 
Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “AMN.” As of February 20, 2020, there were 18 stockholders of record of our common stock, one of which was Cede & Co., a nominee for The Depository Trust Company. All of our common stock held by brokerage firms, banks and other financial institutions as nominees for beneficial owners are considered to be held of record by Cede & Co., which is considered to be one stockholder of record. A substantially greater number of holders of our common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions. Because such shares are held on behalf of stockholders, and not by the stockholders directly, and because a stockholder can have multiple positions with different brokerage firms, banks and other financial institutions, we are unable to determine the total number of stockholders we have without undue burden and expense.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, we did not sell any equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act.

From time to time, we may repurchase our common stock in the open market pursuant to programs approved by our Board. We may repurchase our common stock for a variety of reasons, such as acquiring shares to offset dilution related to equity-based incentives and optimizing our capital structure. On November 1, 2016, our Board authorized us to repurchase up to $150.0 million of our outstanding common stock in the open market. Under the repurchase program announced on November 1, 2016 (the “Company Repurchase Program”), share purchases may be made from time to time beginning in the fourth quarter of 2016, depending on prevailing market conditions and other considerations. The Company Repurchase Program has no expiration date and may be discontinued or suspended at any time.

During 2018, we repurchased 1,236,438 shares of our common stock at an average price of $54.17 per share, resulting in an aggregate purchase price of $67.0 million.

During 2019, we purchased 395,212 shares of common stock at an average price of $47.30 per share, resulting in an aggregate purchase price of $18.7 million. See “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (10)(b), Capital Stock—Treasury Stock.” The following table presents the detail of shares repurchased during 2019. All share repurchases reflected in the table below were made under the Company Repurchase Program, which is the sole repurchase program of the Company currently in effect.
 
 
 
 
 
Period
 
Total
Number of
Shares (or
Units)
Purchased 
 
Average
Price Paid
per Share
(or Unit) 
 
Total Number of
Shares (or Units)
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced
Program 
 
Maximum Dollar
Value of Shares (or Units)
that May Yet Be
Purchased Under the Program 
 
February 1 - 28, 2019
22,900

$50.50
22,900

$48,405,129
March 1 - 31, 2019
355,417

$47.16
355,417

$31,631,647
April 1 - 30, 2019
16,895

$45.80
16,895

$30,857,280
 
 

 
 

 
Total
395,212

$47.30
395,212

$30,857,280
 
We have not paid any dividends on our common stock in the past and currently do not expect to pay cash dividends or make any other distributions on common stock in the future. We expect to retain our future earnings, if any, for use in the operation and expansion of our business, to pay down debt and potentially for share repurchases. Any future determination to pay dividends on common stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and such other factors as the board deems relevant. In addition, our ability to declare and pay dividends on our common stock is subject to covenants restricting such actions in the instruments governing our debt. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”
 
The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K is incorporated by reference to the 2020 Annual Meeting Proxy Statement (as defined in Item 10 below) under the heading “Equity Compensation Plan Information at December 31, 2019.”

17
                        

Performance Graph
 
This performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” with the SEC or subject to Section 18 of the Exchange Act, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.
 The graph below compares the total return on our common stock with the total return of (i) the NYSE Composite Index, and (ii) the Dow Jones US Business Training & Employment Agencies Index (“BTEA”), assuming an investment of $100 on December 31, 2014 in our common stock, the stocks comprising the NYSE Composite Index, and the stocks comprising the BTEA.https://cdn.kscope.io/ed9fe4ef940f2a69258d2a50d37e2d53-a5yeartotalreturn2019.jpg
 
12/31/14
 
12/31/15
 
12/31/16
 
12/31/17
 
12/31/18
 
12/31/19
AMN Healthcare Services, Inc.
100.00

 
158.42

 
196.17

 
251.28

 
289.08

 
317.91

NYSE Composite
100.00

 
95.91

 
107.36

 
127.46

 
116.06

 
145.66

BTEA
100.00

 
99.08

 
89.89

 
119.65

 
89.27

 
112.74



18
                        

Item 6.
Selected Financial Data
 
You should read the selected financial and operating data presented below in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” below. We derive our statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and the balance sheet data at December 31, 2019 and 2018 from the audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We derive the statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the balance sheet data at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 from audited financial statements of ours that do not appear herein.
 
We completed our acquisitions of (1) Onward Healthcare, including its two wholly-owned subsidiaries, Locum Leaders and Medefis, on January 7, 2015, (2) The First String Healthcare on September 15, 2015, (3) Millican on October 5, 2015, (4) B.E. Smith on January 4, 2016, (5) HealthSource Global on January 11, 2016, (6) Peak Health on June 3, 2016, (7) Phillips DiPisa and Leaders For Today on April 6, 2018, (8) MedPartners on April 9, 2018, (9) Silversheet on January 30, 2019, (10) Advanced on June 14, 2019 and (11) b4health on December 19, 2019. Our acquisitions affect the comparability of the selected financial data of the applicable pre-acquisition and post-acquisition time periods.
 
We have not paid any cash dividends during the past five fiscal years.




































 

19
                        

 
Fiscal Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
( in thousands, except per share data)
Consolidated Statements of Operations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue
$
2,222,107

 
$
2,136,074

 
$
1,988,454

 
$
1,902,225

 
$
1,463,065

Cost of revenue
1,478,642

 
1,439,691

 
1,344,035

 
1,282,501

 
993,702

Gross profit
743,465

 
696,383

 
644,419

 
619,724

 
469,363

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Selling, general and administrative
508,030

 
452,318

 
399,700

 
398,472

 
319,531

Depreciation and amortization
58,520

 
41,237

 
32,279

 
29,620

 
20,953

Total operating expenses
566,550

 
493,555

 
431,979

 
428,092

 
340,484

Income from operations
176,915

 
202,828

 
212,440

 
191,632

 
128,879

Interest expense, net, and other
28,427

 
16,143

 
19,677

 
15,465

 
7,790

Income before income taxes
148,488

 
186,685

 
192,763

 
176,167

 
121,089

Income tax expense
34,500

 
44,944

 
60,205

 
70,329

 
39,198

Net income
$
113,988

 
$
141,741

 
$
132,558

 
$
105,838

 
$
81,891

Net income per common share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
2.44

 
$
2.99

 
$
2.77

 
$
2.21

 
$
1.72

Diluted
$
2.40

 
$
2.91

 
$
2.68

 
$
2.15

 
$
1.68

Weighted average common shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
46,704

 
47,371

 
47,807

 
47,946

 
47,525

Diluted
47,593

 
48,668

 
49,430

 
49,267

 
48,843

 
As of December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands)
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
82,985

 
$
13,856

 
$
15,147

 
$
10,622

 
$
9,576

Total assets
1,931,646

 
1,492,721

 
1,253,957

 
1,186,881

 
880,432

Total notes payable, including current portion, less unamortized discount and fees
617,159

 
320,607

 
319,843

 
362,942

 
135,990

Total stockholders’ equity
736,742

 
638,990

 
562,527

 
449,383

 
347,860

 


20
                        

Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain statements in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are “forward-looking statements.” See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” under Item 1, “Business.” We intend this MD&A section to provide you with a narrative from the perspective of our management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. The following sections comprise this MD&A:
 

•Overview of Our Business
•Recent Trends
•Results of Operations
•Liquidity and Capital Resources
•Off-Balance Sheet and Other Financing Arrangements
•Contractual Obligations
•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
•Recent Accounting Pronouncements


Overview of Our Business
 
We provide healthcare workforce solutions and staffing services to healthcare facilities across the nation. As an innovative total talent solutions partner, our managed services programs, or “MSP,” vendor management systems, or “VMS,” workforce consulting services, predictive modeling, staff scheduling, credentialing services, revenue cycle solutions and the placement of physicians, nurses, allied healthcare professionals and healthcare leaders into temporary and permanent positions enable our clients to successfully reduce staffing complexity, increase efficiency and lead their organizations within the rapidly evolving healthcare environment.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded revenue of $2,222.1 million, as compared to $2,136.1 million for 2018. We recorded net income of $114.0 million for 2019, as compared to $141.7 million for 2018. Nurse and allied solutions segment revenue comprised 64% and 61% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Locum tenens solutions segment revenue comprised 15% and 18% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Other workforce solutions segment revenue comprised 21% and 21% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. For a description of the services we provide under each of our business segments, please see, “Item 1. Business—Our Services.”
We believe we have become recognized as the market-leading innovator in providing healthcare talent solutions in the United States. We seek to advance our market-leading position through a number of strategies that focus on market penetration, expansion of our talent solutions, increasing operational efficiency and scalability and increasing our supply of qualified healthcare professionals. Our market growth strategy continues to focus on broadening and investing, both organically and through strategic acquisitions, in service offerings beyond our traditional temporary staffing and permanent placement services, to include more strategic and recurring revenue sources from innovative workforce solutions offerings such as MSP, VMS, workforce optimization services, and other technology-enabled services, which generally operate at higher margins than our traditional healthcare staffing businesses. We also seek strategic opportunities to expand into complementary service offerings to our staffing businesses that leverage our core capabilities of recruiting and credentialing healthcare professionals.
As part of our long-term growth strategy to add value for our clients, healthcare professionals, and stockholders, on December 19, 2019, June 14, 2019, January 30, 2019, April 9, 2018 and April 6, 2018, we acquired b4health, Advanced, Silversheet, MedPartners HIM (“MedPartners”), and Phillips DiPisa and Leaders For Today (“PDA” and “LFT”), respectively. b4health is an innovative technology company and a leading provider of a web-based internal float pool management solution and VMS for healthcare facilities. Advanced is a national healthcare staffing company that specializes in placing therapists and nurses across multiple settings, including hospitals, schools, clinics, skilled nursing facilities, and home health. Silversheet provides innovative credentialing software solutions to clinicians and healthcare enterprises. MedPartners provides revenue cycle solutions, including case management, clinical documentation improvement, medical coding and registry services to hospitals and physician medical groups nationwide. PDA and LFT offer a range of leadership staffing and permanent placement

21
                        

solutions for the healthcare industry. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Acquisitions.” In addition, on February 14, 2020, we completed the acquisition of Stratus Video. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (14), Subsequent Events.”

Operationally, our strategic initiatives focus on investing in and further developing our processes and systems to achieve market leading efficiency and scalability, which we believe will provide operating leverage as our revenue grows. From a healthcare professional supply perspective, we continue to invest in new candidate recruitment and engagement initiatives and technologies to access and effectively utilize our network of qualified healthcare professionals to capitalize on the demand growth we are experiencing, which we expect to continue in the future due to the combined effects of healthcare reform, the aging population and labor shortages within certain regions and disciplines.
Over the last several years, we have worked to execute on our management strategies and intend to continue to do so in the future. Over the past five years, we have grown our business both organically and as a result of a number of acquisitions.
We typically experience modest seasonal fluctuations during our fiscal year and they tend to vary among our business segments. These fluctuations can vary slightly in intensity from year to year. Over the last four years, steadily and progressively increasing demand muted some of the effects of these quarterly fluctuations.
Recent Trends
 
Demand for our temporary and permanent placement staffing services is driven in part by U.S. economic and labor trends. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics survey data reflect near record levels of healthcare job openings and quits. We view these data, along with a 50-year-low unemployment rate and continued economic growth, as positive trends for the healthcare staffing industry. These positive macroeconomic and labor trends have created a highly competitive labor market for healthcare professionals and our clinician supply, particularly in nursing, has not kept pace with growth in client demand because wage growth for contingent clinicians has not kept pace with that of permanent clinicians.

Consolidation within the healthcare industry is creating larger, more sophisticated and complex health systems. We believe consolidation has elevated the need for strategic talent solutions partners capable of addressing their recruiting, staffing and workforce optimization goals. Given the increasing need for partners capable of offering a comprehensive workforce solution, we continue to see the benefits of our total talent solutions strategy, particularly with our MSPs. As a result of our ongoing focus on these strategic MSP relationships, the percentage of our staffing revenue derived from our MSP clients continues to increase. We believe these strategic, longer-term relationships will continue to comprise a greater proportion of revenue in our staffing businesses.

In our nurse and allied solutions segment, overall demand is strong and at the highest levels seen since 2016. A tight labor market and modest growth in bill rates is impacting our ability to recruit enough nurses to meet the increased demand. Our allied staffing business continues to have strong overall demand resulting in steady organic revenue growth. However, we have recently experienced a decline in demand for therapists from skilled nursing facility clients resulting from recently implemented Medicare reimbursement changes. Access to additional supply of nurse and allied healthcare professionals from the Advanced acquisition has helped us better address our clients’ staffing demands.

The demand environment for locum tenens is also generally favorable, although demand for hospitalists and emergency room physicians significantly declined over the past 12 months. Our locum tenens segment has stabilized after disruption resulting from process and technology changes made during 2018, and recruiter productivity continues to improve.

In our other workforce solutions segment, better demand and placements in the interim leadership and physician permanent placement divisions and growth in our technology workforce solutions are driving improved segment performance. Our revenue cycle solutions division has experienced a revenue decline in recent quarters due mainly to organizational changes made to support our long-term go to market strategy, but we expect improved performance from growing opportunities to serve our MSP customers.


22

Results of Operations
 
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain statements of operations data as a percentage of revenue. Our results of operations include three reportable segments: (1) nurse and allied solutions, (2) locum tenens solutions, and (3) other workforce solutions. The acquisitions during 2019 and 2018 impact the comparability of the results between the years presented. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Acquisitions.” Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results of operations to be expected in the future.
 
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
Consolidated Statements of Operations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
Cost of revenue
66.5
 
67.4
 
67.6
 
Gross profit
33.5
 
32.6
 
32.4
 
Selling, general and administrative
22.9
 
21.2
 
20.1
 
Depreciation and amortization
2.6
 
1.9
 
1.6
 
Income from operations
8.0
 
9.5
 
10.7
 
Interest expense, net, and other
1.3
 
0.8
 
1.0
 
Income before income taxes
6.7
 
8.7
 
9.7
 
Income tax expense
1.6
 
2.1
 
3.0
 
Net income
5.1
%
6.6
%
6.7
%
 
Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 to the Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
Revenue. Revenue increased 4% to $2,222.1 million for 2019 from $2,136.1 million for 2018, primarily attributable to additional revenue of $117.6 million from our PDA, LFT, MedPartners, Silversheet and Advanced acquisitions and higher organic revenue in our nurse and allied solutions segment, partially offset by lower revenue in our locum tenens solutions segment. Excluding the additional revenue from acquisitions, revenue decreased 1%.
 
Nurse and allied solutions segment revenue increased 9% to $1,420.0 million for 2019 from $1,306.5 million for 2018. The $113.4 million increase was primarily attributable to additional revenue of $82.3 million in connection with the Advanced acquisition and a 1% increase in the average bill rate during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Locum tenens solutions segment revenue decreased 17% to $324.7 million for 2019 from $393.4 million for 2018. The $68.7 million decrease was primarily attributable to a 17% decrease in the number of days filled.
Other workforce solutions segment revenue increased 9% to $477.5 million for 2019 from $436.2 million for 2018. Of the $41.3 million increase, $35.3 million was attributable to additional revenue in connection with the PDA, LFT, MedPartners and Silversheet acquisitions, with the remainder primarily attributable to growth in our permanent placement, VMS, and organic interim leadership businesses, partially offset by a decline in our organic revenue cycle solutions business during the year ended December 31, 2019. 

Gross Profit. Gross profit increased 7% to $743.5 million for 2019 from $696.4 million for 2018, representing gross margins of 33.5% and 32.6%, respectively. The gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2019 was positively impacted by a higher gross margin in our nurse and allied solutions segment, driven by higher labor disruption margin, higher other workforce solutions gross margin, a change in our physician permanent placement business model that prompted a $4.3 million classification of certain recruiter compensation expenses to SG&A that was previously in cost of revenue, and a favorable segment mix shift. These positive factors were partially offset by a lower margin in our locum tenens solutions segment. Gross margin by reportable segment for 2019 and 2018 was 28.0% and 27.2% for nurse and allied solutions, 27.4% and 28.6% for locum tenens solutions, and 53.8% and 52.4% for other workforce solutions, respectively. The year-over-year gross margin decline in the locum tenens solutions segment was primarily driven by an increase in non-billable expenses and lower perm conversion fees.
 
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were $508.0 million, representing 22.9% of revenue, for 2019, as compared to $452.3 million, representing 21.2% of revenue, for 2018. The increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to $25.2 million of additional SG&A expenses from the PDA, LFT,

23

MedPartners, Silversheet and Advanced acquisitions, a $22.4 million increase related to acquisition, integration, changes in the fair value of earn-out liabilities from acquisitions, and extraordinary legal expenses, a $5.4 million increase in share-based compensation expense, and the above-mentioned $4.3 million classification of certain recruiter compensation expenses to SG&A that was previously in cost of revenue. The increase was partially offset by an additional $3.3 million of favorable actuarial-based decreases in our professional liability reserves and a $12.1 million increase in legal accruals during the year ended December 31, 2018. The year-over-year increase in SG&A expenses in the nurse and allied solutions segment was primarily driven by $11.8 million of additional expenses from the Advanced acquisition and other expenses associated with the revenue growth. The decrease in the locum tenens solutions segment was primarily driven by lower employee and related expenses associated with the revenue decline. The increase in the other workforce solutions segment was primarily driven by $13.4 million of additional expenses from the PDA, LFT, MedPartners and Silversheet acquisitions and other expenses associated with the revenue growth. The increase in unallocated corporate overhead was primarily attributable to higher acquisition, integration, changes in the fair value of earn-out liabilities from acquisitions, and extraordinary legal expenses, partially offset by an increase in the legal accrual during 2018. SG&A expenses broken down among the reportable segments, unallocated corporate overhead, and share-based compensation are as follows: 
 
(In Thousands)
Years Ended
December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
Nurse and allied solutions
$
197,823

 
$
172,055

Locum tenens solutions
63,787

 
71,189

Other workforce solutions
146,716

 
123,823

Unallocated corporate overhead
83,463

 
74,436

Share-based compensation
16,241

 
10,815

 
$
508,030

 
$
452,318

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses. Amortization expense increased 51% to $36.5 million for 2019 from $24.2 million for 2018, primarily attributable to additional amortization expenses related to the intangible assets acquired in the PDA, LFT, MedPartners, Silversheet and Advanced acquisitions and the shortened useful life of the tradename intangible asset acquired in the MedPartners acquisition. Depreciation expense increased 29% to $22.0 million for 2019 from $17.0 million for 2018, primarily attributable to an increase in purchased and developed hardware and software placed in service for our ongoing front and back office information technology initiatives. 

Interest Expense, Net, and Other. Interest expense, net, and other, was $28.4 million for 2019 as compared to $16.1 million for 2018. The increase is primarily due to (1) higher average debt outstanding balance for the year ended December 31, 2019, which resulted from (a) borrowings used to finance the Silversheet and Advanced acquisitions and (b) the consummation of the issuance and sale of our 2027 Notes (as defined below in this Item 7) in October 2019, and (2) $7.3 million of gains related to the change in fair value of an equity investment during the year ended December 31, 2018.
 
Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $34.5 million for 2019 as compared to $44.9 million for 2018, reflecting effective income tax rates of 23.2% and 24.1% for these periods, respectively. The decrease in the effective income tax rate was partially attributable to the impact of tax expense recorded for certain discrete tax benefits of $7.3 million and $4.4 million in relation to income before income taxes of $148.5 million and $186.7 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively. The discrete tax benefits are related to equity awards vested and exercised and fair value changes in the cash surrender value of Company Owned Life Insurance (“COLI”). The decrease in the rate was partially offset by an increase in certain fringe benefits and disallowed performance based compensation for covered employees (Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and the top three highest paid executive officers). See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (7), Income Taxes, and Note (1), Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.” 
 
Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 to the Year Ended December 31, 2017
 
We describe in detail the comparison of results for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 to the Year Ended December 31, 2017” of our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.


24
                        

Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
In summary, our cash flows were:
 
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities
$
224,862

 
$
226,993

 
$
160,518

Net cash used in investing activities
(291,824
)
 
(279,337
)
 
(35,361
)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
136,599

 
37,511

 
(77,193
)
Historically, our primary liquidity requirements have been for acquisitions, working capital requirements, and debt service under our credit facilities and senior notes. We have funded these requirements through internally generated cash flow and funds borrowed under our credit facilities. During the fourth quarter of 2019, we paid off the remaining balance of our term debt. At December 31, 2019, (1) zero was drawn with $382.6 million of available credit under the Senior Credit Facility (as defined below), (2) the aggregate principal amount of our 5.125% senior notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”) outstanding equaled $325.0 million, and (3) the aggregate principal amount of our 4.625% senior notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”) outstanding equaled $300.0 million. We describe in further detail our Amended Credit Agreement (as defined below), under which our Senior Credit Facility is governed, the 2024 Notes, and the 2027 Notes in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”

We believe that cash generated from operations and available borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility will be sufficient to fund our operations, including expected capital expenditures, for the next 12 months and beyond. We intend to finance potential future acquisitions with cash provided from operations, borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility, or other borrowing under our Amended Credit Agreement, bank loans, debt or equity offerings, or some combination of the foregoing. The following discussion provides further details of our liquidity and capital resources.
 
Operating Activities
 
Net cash provided by operating activities for 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $224.9 million, $227.0 million and $160.5 million, respectively. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities for 2019 from 2018 was primarily attributable to (1) an increase in income taxes receivable between periods of $19.6 million due to an overpayment of estimated tax in 2017 that offset income tax liability in 2018, (2) an increase in other assets between periods of $18.0 million due to higher contributions to the deferred compensation plan as compared to the prior year, and (3) a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses between periods of $15.2 million due to timing of payments and settlement payments of two legal matters. The overall decrease was partially offset by (1) a increase in accrued compensation and benefits between periods of $22.5 million primarily due to higher contributions to the deferred compensation plan as compared to the prior year, (2) a decrease in accounts receivable and subcontractor receivable between periods of $16.3 million due to improved collections, and (3) an increase in other liabilities between periods of $2.9 million primarily due to timing of payments. Our Days Sales Outstanding was 55 and 64 days at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
 
Investing Activities
 
Net cash used in investing activities for 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $291.8 million, $279.3 million and $35.4 million, respectively. The year-over-year increase from 2018 to 2019 in net cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to (1) $247.9 million used for acquisitions in 2019 as compared to $217.4 million used for acquisitions in 2018 and (2) $2.6 million more payments made during 2019 as compared to 2018 to fund the deferred compensation plan. The increase was partially offset by (1) net proceeds of restricted investments related to our captive insurance company of $5.8 million during 2019, as compared to a net purchase of $8.8 million during 2018 and (2) no new equity investments in 2019, as compared to $6.1 million paid during 2018. Capital expenditures were $35.2 million, $35.2 million and $26.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our capital expenditures in recent years were primarily to support the growth of the business and to standardize our front and back office information technology platforms.

Financing Activities

 Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities for 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $136.6 million, $37.5 million and ($77.2 million), respectively. Net cash provided by financing activities for 2019 was primarily due to $300.0 million of gross proceeds received in connection with the issuance and sale of the 2027 Notes and borrowings of $101.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility (as defined below), partially offset by (1) the repayment of $221.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility, (2) $18.7

25
                        

million paid in connection with the repurchase of our common stock, (3) $5.2 million of financing costs paid in connection with the Amended Credit Agreement and the issuance and sale of the 2027 Notes, (4) $5.7 million of prior acquisition contingent consideration earn-out payments, and (5) $13.8 million in cash paid for shares withheld for payroll taxes resulting from the vesting of employee equity awards.
 
Amended Credit Agreement
On February 9, 2018, we entered into a credit agreement (the “New Credit Agreement”) with several lenders to provide for a $400.0 million secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Credit Facility”) to replace our then-existing credit agreement. The Senior Credit Facility includes a $50.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $50.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. On June 14, 2019, we entered into the first amendment to the New Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”) to provide for, among other things, a $150.0 million secured term loan credit facility (the “Term Loan” and, together with the Senior Credit Facility, the “Credit Facilities”). The First Amendment (together with the New Credit Agreement, the “Amended Credit Agreement”) also extended the maturity date of the Senior Credit Facility to be coterminous with the Term Loan. Our obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets. The terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, including maturity dates, payment and interest terms, are described in further detail in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”
In connection with our issuance and sale of the 2027 Notes, we used a portion of the proceeds to repay our entire indebtedness under the Credit Facilities. On February 14, 2020, we entered into the second amendment to the New Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) to provide for, among other things, an additional $250.0 million secured term loan facility. For more detail regarding the Second Amendment, please see “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”

4.625% Senior Notes Due 2027

On October 1, 2019, AMN Healthcare, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, completed the issuance and sale of $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes. The 2027 Notes will mature on October 1, 2027. Interest on the 2027 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, commencing April 1, 2020. The 2027 Notes are fully and unconditionally and jointly guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by us and all of our subsidiaries that guarantee the Amended Credit Agreement.

On and after October 1, 2022, we may redeem all or a portion of the 2027 Notes upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount on the redemption date) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing on October 1 of the years set forth below:
Period
Redemption
Price
2022
 
102.313
%
2023
 
101.156
%
2024 and thereafter
 
100.000
%
Prior to October 1, 2022, we may also redeem 2027 Notes with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes issued, at a redemption price (expressed as a percentage of principal amount) of 104.625% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the applicable redemption date.
In addition, we may redeem some or all of the 2027 Notes prior to October 1, 2022 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2027 Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to (but excluding) the applicable redemption date, plus a “make-whole” premium based on the applicable treasury rate plus 50 basis points.
Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the indenture governing the 2027 Notes, we must offer to repurchase the 2027 Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date.
The indenture governing the 2027 Notes contains covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to:

26
                        

•sell assets,
•pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock, make payments in respect of subordinated indebtedness or make other restricted payments,
•make certain investments,
•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock,
•create certain liens,
•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from our restricted subsidiaries,
•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets,
•engage in transactions with affiliates, and
•create unrestricted subsidiaries.
These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. The indenture governing the 2027 Notes contains affirmative covenants and events of default that are customary for indentures governing high yield securities. The 2027 Notes and the guarantees are not subject to any registration rights agreement.
We used the proceeds from the issuance and sale of the 2027 Notes to (1) repay $149.1 million of our existing Term Loan indebtedness, (2) repay $146.0 million under our Senior Credit Facility, and (3) pay fees and expenses related to the transaction.

Letters of Credit
 
At December 31, 2019, we maintained outstanding standby letters of credit totaling $19.8 million as collateral in relation to our workers compensation insurance agreements and a corporate office lease agreement. Of the $19.8 million of outstanding letters of credit, we have collateralized $2.3 million in cash and cash equivalents and the remaining $17.4 million is collateralized by the Senior Credit Facility. Outstanding standby letters of credit at December 31, 2018 totaled $17.6 million.
 
Off-Balance Sheet and Other Financing Arrangements
 
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangement that has or is reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources that is material to investors.
 
Contractual Obligations
 
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
 
 
Fiscal Year
 
2020
 
2021
 
2022
 
2023
 
2024
 
Thereafter
 
Total
Notes payable (1)
$
43,007

 
$
50,079

 
$
51,210

 
$
50,765

 
$
375,341

 
$
539,363

 
$
1,109,765

Senior Credit Facility (2)
5,498

 
6,232

 
6,232

 
6,232

 
6,249

 
175,752

 
206,195

Operating lease obligations (3)
18,651

 
18,599

 
18,227

 
17,895

 
16,711

 
33,666

 
123,749

Total contractual obligations
$
67,156

 
$
74,910

 
$
75,669

 
$
74,892

 
$
398,301

 
$
748,781

 
$
1,439,709

 
(1)
Amounts represent contractual amounts due under (a) the 2024 Notes and 2027 Notes, including interest based on the fixed rates of 5.125% and 4.625%, respectively, and (b) the term loan secured under the Second Amendment on February 14, 2020, including interest based on the rate in effect at December 31, 2019.
(2)
Amounts represent contractual amounts to be repaid under the Senior Credit Facility for borrowings made on February 14, 2020, including interest based on the rate in effect at December 31, 2019.
(3)
Amounts represent minimum contractual amounts with initial lease terms in excess of one year, including any leases that were signed, but not yet commenced as of December 31, 2019 that create significant obligations. We have assumed no escalations in rent other than as stipulated in lease agreements.
In addition to the above disclosed contractual obligations, the unrecognized income tax benefits, including interest and penalties, was $5.4 million at December 31, 2019. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (7), Income Taxes.”

27
                        


Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 
Our critical accounting policies are described in Note (1) to our audited consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Critical accounting policies are those that we believe are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and base them on the information that is currently available to us and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could vary from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:
 
Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets
 
Our business acquisitions typically result in the recording of goodwill and other intangible assets. The determination of the fair value of such intangible assets involves the use of appropriate valuation techniques and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect our consolidated financial statements. Significant judgments required to estimate the fair values include estimated future cash flows, growth rates, customer attrition rates, brand awareness and discount rates. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each intangible asset. Management may engage independent third-party specialists to assist in determining the fair values. For intangible assets purchased in a business acquisition, the estimated fair values of the assets received are used to establish their recorded values, which may become impaired in the future.

In accordance with accounting guidance on goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform annual impairment analysis to assess the recoverability of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. We assess the impairment of goodwill of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets annually, or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is unnecessary. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, then the reporting unit’s carrying value is compared to its fair value. The fair values of the reporting units are estimated using market and discounted cash flow approaches. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. Valuation techniques consistent with the market approach and income approach are used to measure the fair value of each reporting unit. Significant judgments are required to estimate the fair value of reporting units including estimating future cash flows, and determining appropriate discount rates, growth rates, company control premium and other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit. We perform our annual impairment test on October 31 of each year.

Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are required to be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment evaluation is based on an undiscounted cash flow analysis at the lowest level at which cash flows of the long-lived assets are largely independent of other groups of assets and liabilities. We assess potential impairments to intangible assets when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recovered. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators and future cash flows related to intangible assets are based on operational performance of our businesses, market conditions and other factors. Although there are inherent uncertainties in this assessment process, the estimates and assumptions we use, including estimates of future cash flows, volumes, market penetration and discount rates, are consistent with our internal planning. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record an impairment charge on all or a portion of our long-lived intangible assets. Furthermore, we cannot predict the occurrence of future impairment-triggering events nor the impact such events might have on our reported asset values. Future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that long-lived intangible assets associated with our acquired businesses are impaired.

 Professional Liability Reserve
 

28
                        

We maintain an accrual for professional liability that we include in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other long-term liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. We determine the adequacy of this accrual by evaluating our historical experience and trends, loss reserves established by our insurance carriers, management and third-party administrators, and our independent actuarial studies. We obtain actuarial studies on a semi-annual basis that use our historical claims data and industry data to assist us in determining the adequacy of our reserves each year. For periods between the actuarial studies, we record our accruals based on loss rates provided in the most recent actuarial study and management’s review of loss history.
Contingent Liabilities
 
From time to time, we are involved in various lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Additionally, some of our clients may also become subject to claims, governmental inquiries and investigations and legal actions relating to services provided by our healthcare professionals. From time to time, and depending upon the particular facts and circumstances, we may be subject to indemnification obligations under our contracts with such clients relating to these matters. Certain of the above-referenced matters may include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages. We record a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. Where a range of loss can be reasonably estimated with no best estimate in the range, we record the minimum estimated liability. We review these provisions at least quarterly and adjust these provisions accordingly to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and updated information. We believe that the amount or estimable range of reasonably possible loss, will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows with respect to loss contingencies for legal and other contingencies as of December 31, 2019. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. Therefore, if one or more of these legal matters were resolved against us for amounts in excess of management’s expectations, our results of operations and financial condition, including in a particular reporting period, could be materially adversely affected.
 
Income Taxes
 
We evaluate our unrecognized tax benefits in accordance with the guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement.
 
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” The standard introduces new accounting models for determining and recognizing credit losses on certain financial instruments based on an estimate of current expected credit losses and is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. We have adopted this standard effective January 1, 2020 using the modified retrospective transition method and will recognize the cumulative effect of adopting this guidance as an adjustment to our

29
                        

opening balance of retained earnings, net of tax, primarily related to short-term accounts receivable, which we expect to be immaterial to our consolidated financial statements. Prior periods will not be retrospectively adjusted.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” The standard simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by removing the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to compute the implied fair value of goodwill to measure impairment. Instead, any goodwill impairment will equal the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. Further, the guidance eliminates the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. This standard is effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment test in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. We have adopted this standard effective January 1, 2020 and do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” The standard modifies the current disclosure requirements on fair value measurements and is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. We have adopted this standard effective January 1, 2020 and will include the required disclosures beginning in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract.” The standard aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The new guidance requires the capitalized implementation costs to be recorded as an other asset and the related amortization of those costs to be recorded in operating expenses. This standard is effective on a prospective or retrospective basis for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We have adopted this standard prospectively effective January 1, 2020 and do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” The standard is expected to reduce cost and complexity related to accounting for income taxes. The new guidance eliminates certain exceptions and clarifies and amends existing guidance to promote consistent application among reporting entities. This standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. Depending on the amendment, adoption may be applied on a retrospective, modified retrospective or prospective basis. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on our consolidated financial statements.
In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-01, “Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815.” The new guidance clarifies the interactions between accounting standards that apply to equity investments without readily determinable fair values. Specifically, it addresses the accounting for the transition into and out of the equity method. This standard is effective on a prospective basis for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the effect of adopting this standard on our consolidated financial statements, but do not expect the adoption to have a material impact.
There have been no other new accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted that are expected to materially affect our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
 
Market risk is the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. During 2019, our primary exposure to market risk was interest rate risk associated with our variable interest debt instruments. A 100 basis point increase in interest rates on our variable rate debt would not have resulted in a material effect on our consolidated financial statements for 2019. During 2019, we generated substantially all of our revenue in the United States. Accordingly, we believe that our foreign currency risk is immaterial.

30
                        

Item 8.
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 

31
                        

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
The Stockholders and Board of Directors
AMN Healthcare Services, Inc.:
 
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of AMN Healthcare Services, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2019,and the related notes (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 24, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019, due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases, and related amendments.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Evaluation of accrual for professional liability
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company uses actuarial expertise to estimate expected losses for professional liability claims based on statistical analysis of historical and industry data. As of December 31, 2019, the Company recorded an accrual for professional liabilities of $42.5 million.
We have identified the evaluation of the accrual for professional liability as a critical audit matter. Complex and subjective auditor judgment was required in evaluating the Company’s actuarial estimates and assumptions, specifically estimates for incurred but not reported claims. Changes in the actuarial estimates or assumptions could have a significant impact on the liability recognized.

32
                        

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s process to estimate the accrual for professional liability, including controls over the selection of expected loss rates and tracking of historical claims data. We tested the key inputs to determine the incurred but not reported estimate. This included testing data used by the Company’s actuarial specialist to determine the expected loss rates, specifically claims history used in the actuarial models, for consistency with the actual claims incurred and paid by the Company. We also involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•
assessing the objectivity and actuarial expertise of the Company’s specialist;
•
comparing the methodologies used by the Company’s actuarial specialist to generally accepted actuarial methodologies; and
•
evaluating the Company’s actuarial estimates and assumptions, specifically loss development factors and expected loss rates, by comparing them to the Company’s historical data, and industry and regulatory trends.
Evaluation of fair value of intangible assets in acquisition of Advanced Medical
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company acquired Advanced Medical Personnel Services, Inc. (Advanced Medical) on June 14, 2019 for an initial purchase price of $211.8 million, which included cash consideration of $201.1 million. In connection with the acquisition, the Company recorded various intangible assets, including customer relationships and tradenames and trademarks (collectively, the intangible assets). The acquisition-date fair value for the intangible assets was $78.0 million as of June 14, 2019.
We identified the evaluation of fair value of the intangible assets acquired in the Advanced Medical transaction as a critical audit matter. There was a high degree of subjectivity in determining the assumptions used in the valuation model for each acquired intangible asset. The discounted cash flow model included the following internally-developed assumptions for which there was limited observable market information, and the calculated fair value of such assets was sensitive to possible changes to these key assumptions:
•
Revenue growth rates
•
Trade name royalty rate
•
Annual customer attrition rate
•
Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) margins
•
Weighted-average cost of capital (WACC), including the discount rate
The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s acquisition-date valuation process, including controls over the development of the key assumptions. We evaluated the Company’s forecasted revenue growth rates by comparing forecasted growth assumptions to those of Advanced Medical’s peers and industry reports. We compared (a) the Advanced Medical’s forecasted revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins to historical actual results for Advanced Medical and the Company, and (b) forecasted annual customer attrition rate to historical customer sales data. In addition, we involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•
Assessing the qualifications of the Company’s valuation specialist;
•
Assessing the appropriateness of the methodologies used to value the intangible assets;
•
Evaluating the Company’s forecasted tradename royalty rate to trademark licensing transactions for similar intellectual property;
•
Evaluating the Company’s WACC, including the discount rate, by comparing it against a discount rate range that was independently developed using publicly available market data for comparable peers; and
•
Developing an estimate of the acquisition-date fair value of the intangible assets using the Company’s cash flow forecast and an independently developed discount rate and comparing the results of the estimate to the Company’s fair value estimate.
 
/s/ KPMG LLP
 
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2000.

San Diego, California
February 24, 2020

33
                        

AMN HEALTHCARE SERVICES, INC.
 
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except par value)
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
ASSETS
 
 
 
Current assets:
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
82,985

 
$
13,856

Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $8,027 and $10,560 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively
352,685

 
365,871

Accounts receivable, subcontractor
72,714

 
50,143

Prepaid expenses
11,669

 
12,409

Other current assets
40,446

 
39,887

Total current assets
560,499

 
482,166

Restricted cash, cash equivalents and investments
62,170

 
59,331

Fixed assets, net of accumulated depreciation of $132,900 and $114,413 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively
104,832

 
90,419

Operating lease right-of-use assets
89,866

 
—

Other assets
120,254

 
96,152

Goodwill
595,551

 
438,506

Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $151,417 and $114,924 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively
398,474

 
326,147

Total assets
$
1,931,646

 
$
1,492,721

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
 
 
Current liabilities:
 
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
$
156,140

 
$
149,603

Accrued compensation and benefits
170,932

 
135,059

Current portion of operating lease liabilities
13,943

 
—

Deferred revenue
11,788

 
12,365

Other current liabilities
25,302

 
10,243

Total current liabilities
378,105

 
307,270

Revolving credit facility
—

 
120,000

Notes payable, less unamortized fees
617,159

 
320,607

Deferred income taxes, net
46,618

 
27,326

Operating lease liabilities
91,209

 
—

Other long-term liabilities
61,813

 
78,528

Total liabilities
1,194,904

 
853,731

Commitments and contingencies


 


Stockholders’ equity:
 
 
 
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 10,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018
—

 
—

Common stock, $0.01 par value; 200,000 shares authorized; 49,283 issued and 46,722 outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 48,809 issued and 46,643 outstanding at December 31, 2018
493

 
488

Additional paid-in capital
455,193

 
452,730

Treasury stock, at cost (2,561 and 2,166 shares at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively)
(119,143
)
 
(100,438
)
Retained earnings
400,047

 
286,059

Accumulated other comprehensive income
152

 
151

Total stockholders’ equity
736,742

 
638,990

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
$
1,931,646

 
$
1,492,721

 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

34
                        

AMN HEALTHCARE SERVICES, INC.
 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
 
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Revenue
$
2,222,107

 
$
2,136,074

 
$
1,988,454

Cost of revenue
1,478,642

 
1,439,691

 
1,344,035

Gross profit
743,465

 
696,383

 
644,419

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
Selling, general and administrative
508,030

 
452,318

 
399,700

Depreciation and amortization
58,520

 
41,237

 
32,279

Total operating expenses
566,550

 
493,555

 
431,979

Income from operations
176,915

 
202,828

 
212,440

Interest expense, net, and other
28,427

 
16,143

 
19,677

Income before income taxes
148,488

 
186,685

 
192,763

Income tax expense
34,500

 
44,944

 
60,205

Net income
$
113,988

 
$
141,741

 
$
132,558

 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation and other
1

 
263

 
(98
)
Cash flow hedge, net of income taxes
—

 
—

 
(15
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
1

 
263

 
(113
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Comprehensive income
$
113,989

 
$
142,004

 
$
132,445

 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income per common share:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
2.44

 
$
2.99

 
$
2.77

Diluted
$
2.40

 
$
2.91

 
$
2.68

Weighted average common shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
46,704

 
47,371

 
47,807

Diluted
47,593

 
48,668

 
49,430

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.


35
                        

AMN HEALTHCARE SERVICES, INC.
 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
(in thousands)
 
 
Common Stock
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Treasury Stock
 
Retained Earnings
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
Total
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Balance, December 31, 2016
48,055

 
$
481

 
$
452,491

 
(443
)
 
$
(13,261
)
 
$
9,671

 
$
1

 
$
449,383

Repurchase of common stock into treasury
—

 
—

 
—

 
(487
)
 
(20,164
)
 
—

 
—

 
(20,164
)
Equity awards vested and exercised, net of shares withheld for payroll taxes
356

 
3

 
(9,377
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(9,374
)
Share-based compensation
—

 
—

 
10,237

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
10,237

Comprehensive income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
132,558

 
(113
)
 
132,445

Balance, December 31, 2017
48,411

 
$
484

 
$
453,351

 
(930
)
 
$
(33,425
)
 
$
142,229

 
$
(112
)
 
$
562,527

Repurchase of common stock into treasury
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,236
)
 
(67,013
)
 
—

 
—

 
(67,013
)
Equity awards vested and exercised, net of shares withheld for payroll taxes
398

 
4

 
(11,436
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(11,432
)
Cumulative-effect adjustment from adoption of the new revenue recognition standard
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,089

 
—

 
2,089

Share-based compensation
—

 
—

 
10,815

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
10,815

Comprehensive income
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
141,741

 
263

 
142,004

Balance, December 31, 2018
48,809

 
$
488

 
$
452,730

 
(2,166
)